Aspectos metodológicos de la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida en Venezuela / Methodological aspects of the National Survey of Living Conditions in Venezuela

La presente revisión surge dada la importancia otorgada a la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI) de Venezuela, la edición de dicha encuesta proporciona información representativa de la situacióneconómica, social y de salud de los hogares del país. Los resultados de la encuesta permiten a investigadores y expertos analizar y comprender la magnitud de la crisis en sus diversos aspectos y sus efectos sobre la población y las condiciones de vida, lo que la convierte en una herramienta esencial para entender los problemas que enfrenta la población de Venezuela y la forma de abordarlos de manera efectiva. La ENCOVI proporciona información útil, no solo, a la sociedad civil y Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONGs), también a instituciones gubernamentales, al ser divulgada a través de medios de comunicación, aportando importantes insumos para el abordaje de los problemas públicos y los desafíos encada sector, permitiendo comprender las condiciones de vida en los hogares venezolanos. La investigación se basa en un diseño bibliográfico-documental, efectuando para ello 6 fases constituidas por: búsqueda, compilación, revisión, selección,organización y examen sistemático. El objetivo es describir aspectos metodológicos utilizados en la encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida desde el 2014 hasta el 2022.

The present review arises given the importance givento the National Survey of Living Conditions (ENCOVI) of Venezuela, the edition of said survey provides representative information on the economic, social and health situation ofhouseholds in the country. The results of the survey allowresearchers and experts to analyze and understand the magnitudeof the crisis in its various aspects and its effects on the populationand living conditions, which makes it an essential tool tounderstand the problems faced by the population. of Venezuelaand how to address them effectively. The ENCOVI providesuseful information, not only to civil society and NGOs, butalso to government institutions when disseminated throughthe media, providing important inputs for addressing publicproblems and challenges in each sector, allowing understandingof the conditions of life in Venezuelan homes. The research is based on a bibliographic-documentary design, carrying out6 phases consisting of: search, compilation, review, selection,organization and systematic review. The objective is to describemethodological aspects used in the national survey of livingconditions from 2014 to 2022.

Measuring algorithmically infused societies.

It has been the historic responsibility of the social sciences to investigate human societies. Fulfilling this responsibility requires social theories, measurement models and social data. Most existing theories and measurement models in the social sciences were not developed with the deep societal reach of algorithms in mind. The emergence of 'algorithmically infused societies'-societies whose very fabric is co-shaped by algorithmic and human behaviour-raises three key challenges: the insufficient quality of measurements, the complex consequences of (mis)measurements, and the limits of existing social theories. Here we argue that tackling these challenges requires new social theories that account for the impact of algorithmic systems on social realities. To develop such theories, we need new methodologies for integrating data and measurements into theory construction. Given the scale at which measurements can be applied, we believe measurement models should be trustworthy, auditable and just. To achieve this, the development of measurements should be transparent and participatory, and include mechanisms to ensure measurement quality and identify possible harms. We argue that computational social scientists should rethink what aspects of algorithmically infused societies should be measured, how they should be measured, and the consequences of doing so.

Small but protective social capital against suicide ideation in poor communities: A community-based cross-sectional study.

Coupled with the lowest level of social connectedness, South Korea has the highest suicide rate among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. A possible link between community and suicide is social capital imprinted in social connectedness. This study explores whether social capital is protective against suicide ideation in relation to the poverty level of communities, and whether the associations are specific to certain elements of social capital.A total of 908 participants were included to assess cross-sectional association of social capital at individual level with suicide ideation by comparing between poor (government-leased apartments) and non-poor communities (nongovernment-leased apartments). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine various social capital dimensions in relation to suicide ideation.Suicide ideation was far higher among those living in the poor communities (poor communities 12%; non poor communities 6.3%) and the level of social capital was lower in the poor communities. Nevertheless, the protective effect of social capital, in particular, the cognitive dimension against suicide ideation was demonstrated only in the poor communities (eg, odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.12-0.58 for trust in the poor communities). Low income was significantly associated with suicide ideation only in the poor communities, but depression and resilience were associated with suicide ideation both in the poor and non-poor communities.To increase the reliability of the results, established measures based on relevant literature were utilized, but measures on bridging social capital and social network might have relatively low reliability.As to protection against suicide ideation, the extent of reliance on social capital was higher in poor communities than in non-poor communities, in particular, the cognitive dimension was likely to activate in this regard.

The politics of institutionalizing preventive health.

Prevention is an attractive idea to policymakers in theory, particularly in health where the burden of spending and care is increasingly taken up by complex and chronic conditions associated with lifestyle choices. However, prevention in general, and preventive health in particular, has proven hard to implement in practice. In this paper, we look to one tangible legacy of the recent rise of the prevention agenda: agencies with responsibility for preventive health policy. We ask how this form of institutionalizing preventive health happens in practice, and what consequences it has for the advancement of the prevention agenda. We draw on qualitative data to compare the trajectories of newly formed agencies in Australia, New Zealand and England. We find that building and maintaining legitimacy for such agencies may come at the expense of quick progress or radical action in service of the prevention agenda.

Identifying effective approaches to support parents and caregivers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is used "to describe a broader spectrum of presentations and disabilities resulting from alcohol exposure in utero."(1) FASD affects fetal and brain development and may result in limitations to any of an individual's: memory; sensory integration; social communication; language processing; emotional regulation; adaptive functioning; and other executive functions that may make conforming to social, behavioural and cognitive expectations difficult.(2; 3) These effects may mean that individuals affected by FASD are unable to live independently, have difficulty securing employment, and experience behavioural challenges that increase their risk of being in conflict with the law.

Murder and actual bodily harm in Itaborai, Brazil: analysis at different scales. / Homicídio e lesão corporal em Itaboraí, Brasil: análise em diferentes escalas.

An ecological study aimed at analyzing homicide rates and actual bodily harm was conducted in Itaboraí, in the years 2010 to 2011. The entire municipality was used in the study covering critical and non-critical areas. The data came from the Information System for the Public Security Institute in Rio de Janeiro state. The territories were identified and defined by referring to studies on illegal occupations of areas. The snowballing method was used for the social recognition of poor conditions. The morphological differentiation of urban and housing standards marked the locations. The areas were georeferenced, and the problems were located geographically and organized according to their corresponding critical area. We calculated the municipal rates using population estimates from IBGE. For the critical areas, we obtained estimates of the number of households multiplied by a factor equal to the average household density in the corresponding census tract. There was a decrease in homicide rates and a rise in actual bodily harm in Itaboraí. We also found that there was an increased risk of bodily injury in critical areas with the worst living conditions, suggesting the existence of social inequalities that make certain social spaces more vulnerable to incidents involving violent injuries.

Realizou-se estudo ecológico objetivando analisar as taxas de homicídio e de lesão corporal ocorridas em Itaboraí, nos anos 2010-2011, considerando-se o total do município, áreas críticas e não críticas do mesmo. Os dados provêm do Sistema de Informação do Instituto de Segurança Pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os territórios foram identificados e delimitados consultando-se estudos sobre ocupações irregulares. Usou-se o método de "snowballing" para o reconhecimento social dessas piores condições. As localidades foram demarcadas pela diferenciação morfológica do padrão urbanístico e habitacional. As áreas foram georreferenciadas, e os agravos foram localizados geograficamente e organizados segundo sua área crítica correspondente. Calcularam-se as taxas municipais usando-se a estimativa populacional do IBGE; para as áreas críticas fez-se a estimativa pelo número de habitações multiplicado por um fator igual à média da densidade intradomiciliar no setor censitário correspondente. Observou-se diminuição da taxa de homicídio e crescimento de lesão corporal em Itaboraí; maior risco de lesão corporal nos territórios críticos com as piores condições de vida, sugerindo a existência de iniquidades sociais que tornam certos espaços sociais mais vulneráveis aos agravos violentos.

Exploring unobserved household living conditions in multilevel choice modeling: An application to contraceptive adoption by Indian women.

This research analyzes the effect of the poverty-wealth dimension on contraceptive adoption by Indian women when no direct measures of income/expenditures are available to use as covariates. The index-Household Living Conditions (HLC)-is based on household assets and dwelling characteristics and is computed by an item response model simultaneously with the choice model in a new single-step approach. That is, the HLC indicator is treated as a latent covariate measured by a set of items, it depends on a set of concomitant variables, and explains contraceptive choices in a probit regression. Additionally, the model accounts for complex survey design and sample weights in a multilevel framework. Regarding our case study on contraceptive adoption by Indian women, results show that women with better household living conditions tend to adopt contraception more often than their counterparts. This effect is significant after controlling other factors such as education, caste, and religion. The external validation of the indicator shows that it can also be used at aggregate levels of analysis (e.g., county or state) whenever no other indicators of household living conditions are available.

Homicídio e lesão corporal em Itaboraí, Brasil: análise em diferentes escalas / Murder and actual bodily harm in Itaborai, Brazil: analysis at different scales

Resumo Realizou-se estudo ecológico objetivando analisar as taxas de homicídio e de lesão corporal ocorridas em Itaboraí, nos anos 2010-2011, considerando-se o total do município, áreas críticas e não críticas do mesmo. Os dados provêm do Sistema de Informação do Instituto de Segurança Pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os territórios foram identificados e delimitados consultando-se estudos sobre ocupações irregulares. Usou-se o método de "snowballing" para o reconhecimento social dessas piores condições. As localidades foram demarcadas pela diferenciação morfológica do padrão urbanístico e habitacional. As áreas foram georreferenciadas, e os agravos foram localizados geograficamente e organizados segundo sua área crítica correspondente. Calcularam-se as taxas municipais usando-se a estimativa populacional do IBGE; para as áreas críticas fez-se a estimativa pelo número de habitações multiplicado por um fator igual à média da densidade intradomiciliar no setor censitário correspondente. Observou-se diminuição da taxa de homicídio e crescimento de lesão corporal em Itaboraí; maior risco de lesão corporal nos territórios críticos com as piores condições de vida, sugerindo a existência de iniquidades sociais que tornam certos espaços sociais mais vulneráveis aos agravos violentos.

Abstract An ecological study aimed at analyzing homicide rates and actual bodily harm was conducted in Itaboraí, in the years 2010 to 2011. The entire municipality was used in the study covering critical and non-critical areas. The data came from the Information System for the Public Security Institute in Rio de Janeiro state. The territories were identified and defined by referring to studies on illegal occupations of areas. The snowballing method was used for the social recognition of poor conditions. The morphological differentiation of urban and housing standards marked the locations. The areas were georeferenced, and the problems were located geographically and organized according to their corresponding critical area. We calculated the municipal rates using population estimates from IBGE. For the critical areas, we obtained estimates of the number of households multiplied by a factor equal to the average household density in the corresponding census tract. There was a decrease in homicide rates and a rise in actual bodily harm in Itaboraí. We also found that there was an increased risk of bodily injury in critical areas with the worst living conditions, suggesting the existence of social inequalities that make certain social spaces more vulnerable to incidents involving violent injuries.

Health inequities in the age of austerity: The need for social protection policies.

This commentary assesses the impacts of the global austerity drive on health inequities in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008. In doing so, it first locates the origins of austerity within the 40 year history of neoliberal economic orthodoxy. It then describes the global diffusion of austerity since 2008, and its key policy tenets. It next describes the already visible impacts of austerity-driven welfare reform on trends in health equity, and documents how austerity has exacerbated health inequities in countries with weak social protection policies. We finally identify the components of an alternative policy response to the financial crisis than that of austerity, with specific reference to the need for shifts in national and global taxation policies and public social protection policies and spending. We conclude with a call for a reorientation of public policy towards making human health an overarching global policy goal, and how this aligns with the multilaterally agreed upon Sustainable Development Goals.

After 10 years, how do changes in asset ownership affect the Indicador Econômico Nacional?

OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to analyse how the evolution of household assets ownership affected the Indicador Econômico Nacional (IEN - National Wealth index) and to point out the most stable assets and which lost importance more quickly. METHODS: We analysed the trend of the ownership of each IEN variable and the distribution of the households' scores. We calculated the correlation coefficients of each variable separately with the IEN score and the household income. We also evaluated how the changes of the score distribution over time affected the validity of the published reference cut-points. We used data from consortium surveys conducted every two years from 2002 to 2014 in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. RESULTS: An increase in the educational level of household heads and in the ownership of all IEN assets, except radio and telephone, was observed in the study period. In general, the correlation of the assets with the IEN scores decreased over time. There was an increase in the score, with a consequent increase in the quintiles cut-points, but the distance between these cut-points had no significant variation. Thus, the reference cut-points for Pelotas, quickly became outdated. CONCLUSIONS: Some assets showed greatly reduction on its importance for the indicator, and the reference cut-points became obsolete very quickly. It is essential for a standardized wealth (or asset) index with research purposes to be updated frequently, especially the cut-points of reference distribution. OBJETIVO: Analisar como a evolução temporal da posse de bens domésticos afetou o Indicador Econômico Nacional e como essas mudanças afetaram o poder discriminatório do indicador. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se a evolução temporal da posse de cada uma das variáveis do Indicador Econômico Nacional, bem como da distribuição do escore dos domicílios. Utilizamos dados de inquéritos populacionais realizados bienalmente no município de Pelotas, RS, de 2002 a 2014. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação de cada variável isoladamente com o escore do Indicador Econômico Nacional e com a renda familiar. Avaliamos também como a variação da distribuição do escore ao longo do tempo afetou a validade da utilização dos pontos de corte de referência publicados. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento da escolaridade dos chefes das famílias e da posse de todos os bens, exceto rádio e linha telefônica no período. A correlação dos bens com o Indicador Econômico Nacional reduziu com o tempo. O escore aumentou, com consequente incremento nos pontos de corte dos quintis, mas a distância entre os pontos não teve variação importante. Assim, os pontos de corte de referência publicados para Pelotas rapidamente ficaram desatualizados. CONCLUSÕES: Alguns bens perderam a capacidade discriminatória e os pontos de corte ficaram obsoletos rapidamente. É essencial um indicador de bens padronizado para uso em pesquisa, que seja atualizado com frequência, em especial os pontos de corte da distribuição de referência.

¿Es rentable jugar en primera división de fútbol? / Is profitable to play in Spanish soccer first division?

El artículo presenta la primera fase de un estudio del fútbol español, cuyo objetivo es averiguar si es rentable jugar en Primera División de fútbol (1ª) para cualquier equipo profesional y si todos los clubes de 2ªA deberían aspirar al ascenso. Se comparan resultados en la población seleccionada y en dos grupos de la misma: equipos que se han mantenido en 1ª y equipos ascensor. Se examinan mediante análisis exploratorio de datos resultados económicos y deportivos, se identifican factores que influyen en su variación y se clasifican los clubes según dichos factores. También se determina la influencia de ascensos y descensos en los resultados. Se deduce que los equipos ascensor obtienen peores resultados aun jugando en la misma liga. Además, a su estabilidad económico financiera le afecta más el ascenso y descenso continuo que el mantenerse en una categoría concreta. Finalmente, que la «gestión del miedo» no siempre conduce a una mejor clasificación y añade tensión financiera. Se concluye que no a todos los clubes les conviene militar en 1ª división de fútbol, que ésta debe reestructurarse y se debe reforzar la 2ªA (AU)

The paper presents the first phase of a Spanish football study. The aim is to determine if it is profitable to play in 1ª D league for any professional team and if all clubs in 2ª A division should aspire to climb. Various results are compared in the selected population and also in two groups identified: equipment that have remained in 1ªD and «elevator teams». The economics and sports results are examined by exploratory data analysis. We identify factors that are influence in change and the teams are classified according to these factors. Finally the influence of promotion and relegation in these results is determined. It follows that the «Fear Management» doesn’t always lead to better classification and adds financial stress, «elevator equipment» that perform worse even playing in the same league and its economic and financial stability will most affect the rise and decline that continued the stay in a particular category. We conclude: not all clubs suit them military in 1ª, it would be to restructure and strengthen the 2ª A (AU)

Socio-ecological costs of Amazon nut and timber production at community household forests in the Bolivian Amazon.

The Bolivian Amazon holds a complex configuration of people and forested landscapes in which communities hold secure tenure rights over a rich ecosystem offering a range of livelihood income opportunities. A large share of this income is derived from Amazon nut (Bertholletia excelsa). Many communities also have long-standing experience with community timber management plans. However, livelihood needs and desires for better living conditions may continue to place these resources under considerable stress as income needs and opportunities intensify and diversify. We aim to identify the socioeconomic and biophysical factors determining the income from forests, husbandry, off-farm and two keystone forest products (i.e., Amazon nut and timber) in the Bolivian Amazon region. We used structural equation modelling tools to account for the complex inter-relationships between socioeconomic and biophysical factors in predicting each source of income. The potential exists to increase incomes from existing livelihood activities in ways that reduce dependency upon forest resources. For example, changes in off-farm income sources can act to increase or decrease forest incomes. Market accessibility, social, financial, and natural and physical assets determined the amount of income community households could derive from Amazon nut and timber. Factors related to community households' local ecological knowledge, such as the number of non-timber forest products harvested and the number of management practices applied to enhance Amazon nut production, defined the amount of income these households could derive from Amazon nut and timber, respectively. The (inter) relationships found among socioeconomic and biophysical factors over income shed light on ways to improve forest-dependent livelihoods in the Bolivian Amazon. We believe that our analysis could be applicable to other contexts throughout the tropics as well.

Exploring the use of routinely-available, retrospective data to study the association between malaria control scale-up and micro-economic outcomes in Zambia.

BACKGROUND: Country-level evidence on the impact of malaria control on micro-economic outcomes is vital for mobilizing domestic and donor resources for malaria control. Using routinely available survey data could facilitate this investigation in a cost-efficient way. METHODS: The authors used Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS) and Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) data from 2006 to 2010 for all 72 districts in Zambia to relate malaria control scale-up with household food spending (proxy for household well-being), educational attainment and agricultural production. The authors used two quasi-experimental designs: (1) a generalized propensity score for a continuous treatment variable (defined as coverage from owning insecticide-treated bed nets and/or receipt of indoor residual spraying); and, (2) a district fixed effects model to assess changes in the outcome relative to changes in treatment pre-post scale-up. The unit of analysis was at district level. The authors also conducted simulations post-analysis to assess statistical power. RESULTS: Micro-economic outcomes increased (33% increase in food spending) concurrently with malaria control coverage (62% increase) from 2006 to 2010. Despite using data from all 72 districts, both analytic methods yielded wide confidence intervals that do not conclusively link outcomes and malaria control coverage increases. The authors cannot rule out positive, null or negative effects. The upper bound estimates of the results show that if malaria control coverage increases from 60 to 70%, food spending could increase up to 14%, maize production could increase up to 57%, and years of schooling could increase up to 0.5 years. Simulations indicated that the generalized propensity score model did not have good statistical power. CONCLUSION: While it is technically possible to use routinely available survey data to relate malaria control scale-up and micro-economic outcomes, it is not clear from this analysis that meaningful results can be obtained when survey data are highly aggregated. Researchers in similar settings should assess the feasibility of disaggregating existing survey data. Additionally, large surveys, such as LCMS and MIS, could incorporate data on both malaria coverage and household expenditures, respectively.

After 10 years, how do changes in asset ownership affect the Indicador Econômico Nacional? / Como as mudanças na posse de bens afetam o Indicador Econômico Nacional em 10 anos?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Our main objective was to analyse how the evolution of household assets ownership affected the Indicador Econômico Nacional (IEN – National Wealth index) and to point out the most stable assets and which lost importance more quickly. METHODS We analysed the trend of the ownership of each IEN variable and the distribution of the households’ scores. We calculated the correlation coefficients of each variable separately with the IEN score and the household income. We also evaluated how the changes of the score distribution over time affected the validity of the published reference cut-points. We used data from consortium surveys conducted every two years from 2002 to 2014 in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. RESULTS An increase in the educational level of household heads and in the ownership of all IEN assets, except radio and telephone, was observed in the study period. In general, the correlation of the assets with the IEN scores decreased over time. There was an increase in the score, with a consequent increase in the quintiles cut-points, but the distance between these cut-points had no significant variation. Thus, the reference cut-points for Pelotas, quickly became outdated. CONCLUSIONS Some assets showed greatly reduction on its importance for the indicator, and the reference cut-points became obsolete very quickly. It is essential for a standardized wealth (or asset) index with research purposes to be updated frequently, especially the cut-points of reference distribution.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar como a evolução temporal da posse de bens domésticos afetou o Indicador Econômico Nacional e como essas mudanças afetaram o poder discriminatório do indicador. MÉTODOS Analisou-se a evolução temporal da posse de cada uma das variáveis do Indicador Econômico Nacional, bem como da distribuição do escore dos domicílios. Utilizamos dados de inquéritos populacionais realizados bienalmente no município de Pelotas, RS, de 2002 a 2014. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação de cada variável isoladamente com o escore do Indicador Econômico Nacional e com a renda familiar. Avaliamos também como a variação da distribuição do escore ao longo do tempo afetou a validade da utilização dos pontos de corte de referência publicados. RESULTADOS Houve aumento da escolaridade dos chefes das famílias e da posse de todos os bens, exceto rádio e linha telefônica no período. A correlação dos bens com o Indicador Econômico Nacional reduziu com o tempo. O escore aumentou, com consequente incremento nos pontos de corte dos quintis, mas a distância entre os pontos não teve variação importante. Assim, os pontos de corte de referência publicados para Pelotas rapidamente ficaram desatualizados. CONCLUSÕES Alguns bens perderam a capacidade discriminatória e os pontos de corte ficaram obsoletos rapidamente. É essencial um indicador de bens padronizado para uso em pesquisa, que seja atualizado com frequência, em especial os pontos de corte da distribuição de referência.

Desigualdades sociais face ao desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico: antinomia ou problema histórico? / Social inequalities in the face of scientific and technological development: an antinomy or an historic problem?

Este texto se propõe discutir conceitualmente a relação entre progresso científico e tecnológico da era das Revoluções Industriais e as ideias de igualdade social ou da redução das desigualdades. Como critério metodológico, examina-se a relação em foco sob três perspectivas: 1) o enfoque ético-econômico dos clássicos do pensamento econômico, centrado no autointeresse utilitário; 2) destaca-se, na perspectiva das teorias do desenvolvimento econômico do "mainstream", o argumento do incremento contínuo da produtividade do trabalho, mediante ligação endógena do progresso técnico com a ação ética econômica estritamente utilitária; 3) sob o enfoque crítico das teorias do desenvolvimento econômico da segunda metade do século XX, incluído a crítica ao subdesenvolvimento, enfatiza-se o predomínio da tendência igualitarista; como também da chamada economia ecológica, construindo vias alternativas às teorias 'clássicas' do desenvolvimento. A antinomia primária sugerida pelo título do artigo, no sentido da intrínseca contradição do progresso técnico com a igualdade social, pressupõe estritamente o enfoque ético econômico da primeira abordagem, dominando todas as relações sociais constitutivas da 'ordem social'.

Diferencias por sexo de la salud percibida antes y durante la crisis económica (2007 y 2011) / Sex differences of perceived health before and during the economic crisis (2007 and 2011). Spain

Fundamentos: Diversos estudios muestran la asociación entre las crisis económicas, el desempleo y la renta con la salud. Sin embargo, se precisa diferenciar su impacto en función del sexo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto que la crisis económica, el desempleo y la renta pueden haber tenido en la salud percibida de hombres y mujeres en España. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal que combinó las Encuestas de Condiciones de Vida de 2007 y 2011, incluyendo a 43.900 personas adultas de hasta 65 años. Se realizó análisis estratificado y regresión logística multivariante. La variable dependiente fue la salud percibida y las variables independientes la renta, la situación laboral, la educación, la enfermedad crónica y el año de la encuesta. Resultados: La buena salud percibida se incrementó del 75,1 % en 2007 al 83% en 2011. El desempleo se relacionó con mayor probabilidad de mala salud percibida en hombres: OR de 1,45; IC95%:1,26-1,67, mientras que en mujeres las diferencias fueron OR=1,20; IC95%:0,99-1,47. La probabilidad de mala salud percibida fueron mayores para mujeres (OR=1,81; IC95%:1,56-2,11) que para hombres (OR=1,7; IC95%:1,46-1,97) en el caso de menor renta. El año 2011 se relacionó con tener menor probabilidad de mala salud percibida tanto en hombres (OR=0,41; IC95%: 0,37-0,46) como en mujeres (OR=0,39; CI95%:0,35-0,44). Conclusiones: La asociación de la crisis económica con la salud percibida fue similar en hombres y mujeres. El desempleo fue un factor de riesgo para la mala salud percibida en hombres mientras que la influencia del nivel de renta, del educativo y la enfermedad crónica fue mayor en mujeres que hombres (AU)

Background: Several studies show the association between economic crisis, unemployment and health income. However, it is necessary to differentiate their impact according to gender. The objective of this study was to analyze the differential effect that the economic crisis, unemployment and income may had on the perceived health of men and women in Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted combining data from the 2007 and 2011 Living Conditions Surveys, which collect data from 43,900 adult individuals up to 65 years of age. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, for the whole population as for each sex. The dependent variable was perceived health and the independent variables were income level, employment status, education level, chronic illness, and the year in which the survey was performed. Results: Perceived health improved over the period under consideration, from 75.1% in 2007 to 83%,0 in 2011. Unemployment significantly increased the chances of reporting perceived bad health in men [OR=1.45; CI95%:1.26- 1.67] but not in women [OR=1.20; CI95%:0.99-1.47]. ORs of perceived bad health were higher for women than for men in the lower income bracket [OR: 1.81; IC95%1,56-2,11 against 1.70; IC95%:1,46-1,97]. 2011 was related to a lower probability of poor perceived health in both men [OR=0.41, CI95%: 0.37-0.46] and women [OR=0.39 ; CI95%:0.35-0.44]. Conclusions: The association of the economic crisis with perceived health was similar in men and women. Unemployment was a risk factor for perceived bad health in the case of men. Available income, education level, and the presence of chronic illness had a larger influence as determinants of perceived bad health for women than they did for men (AU)

Economic Hardship and Educational Differentials in Disability in 26 European Countries.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to study to what extent European variations in differentials in disability by education level are associated to variation in poverty. METHOD: Using the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for 26 countries, we measure the prevalence of activity limitation (AL) and the rate of economic hardship (EH) by level of education. We measure the increased AL prevalence (disadvantage) of the low-educated relative to the middle-educated and the reduced AL prevalence (advantage) of the high-educated groups, controlling or not for EH. RESULTS: The rate of EH and the extent of the AL-advantage/disadvantage vary substantially across Europe. EH contributes to the AL-advantage/disadvantage but to different extent depending on its level across educational groups. DISCUSSION: Associations between poverty, education, and disability are complex. In general, large EH goes along with increased disability differentials. Actions to reduce poverty are needed in Europe to reduce the levels and differentials in disability.

Marital status and living condition as predictors of mortality and readmissions among African Americans with heart failure.

UNLABELLED: Socioeconomic factors, including social support, may partially explain why African Americans (AA) have the highest prevalence of heart failure and with worse outcomes compared to other races. AA are more likely to be hospitalized and readmitted for heart failure and have higher mortality. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the social factors of marital status and living condition affect readmission rates and all-cause mortality following hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) in AA patients. METHODS: Medical records from 611 AA admitted to Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia from January, 2011 to February, 2013 for ADHF were reviewed. Patient demographics including living condition (nursing home residents, living with family or living alone) and marital status (married or non-married -including single, divorced, separated and widowed) were correlated with all-cause mortality and readmission rates. RESULTS: In this cohort (53% male, mean age 65±15, mean ejection fraction 32±16%) 25% (n=152) of subjects were unmarried. Unmarried patients had significantly higher 30-day readmission rates (16% vs. 6% p=0.0002) and higher 1-year mortality (17% vs. 11% p=0.047) compared with married patients. Fifty percent (n=303) of subjects were living with family members, while 40% (n=242) and 11% (n=66) were living alone or in a nursing facility, respectively. Patients living with family members had significantly lower 30-day readmission rates when compared with those living alone or in a nursing facility (7% vs 21% vs. 18% p=<0.0001). Furthermore, they had the lowest 1-year mortality (14% vs 32% for nursing facility patients and 17% for those living alone (p=0.0007). After controlling for traditional risk factors (age, gender, body mass index, peak troponin I, left ventricular ejection fraction, B-type natriuretic peptide, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease), being married was an indpendent predictor of 1-year mortality (OR 0.50 p=0.019) and living alone for 30-day readmission (OR 2.86 p=<0.001). CONCLUSION: The socioeconomic factors of marital status and living condition significantly correlated with mortality and 30-day readmission rate in AA heart failure patients. Specifically, being married and living with family independently predict lower mortality and fewer readmissions. Surprisingly, living in a nursing facility was associated with significantly higher mortality than living alone or with family.

Poverty, inequality, and increased consumption of high calorie food: Experimental evidence for a causal link.

Rising obesity represents a serious, global problem. It is now well established that obesity is associated with poverty and wealth inequality, suggesting that these factors may promote caloric intake. Whereas previous work has examined these links from an epidemiological perspective, the current paper examined them experimentally. In Study 1 we found that people experimentally induced to view themselves as poor (v. wealthy) exhibited increased calorie intake. In Study 2, participants who believed that they were poorer or wealthier than their interaction partners exhibited higher levels of anxiety compared to those in an equal partners condition; this anxiety in turn led to increased calorie consumption for people who had a strong need to belong. The findings provide causal evidence for the poverty-intake and inequality-intake links. Further, we identify social anxiety and a strong need to belong as important social psychological factors linking inequality to increased calorie intake.